Blogger Notes

Definiton:

• IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) A proprietary routing protocol from Cisco that was developed in 1988 to overcome the shortcomings of RIP. IGRP takes bandwidth, latency, reliability and current traffic load into consideration. It is typically used within an autonomous system, such as an Internet domain. IGRP was superseded by Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP), which provides enhancements such as the ability to detect a loop in the network.

more info --> http://www.answers.com/

• OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a router protocol used within larger autonomous system networks in preference to the Routing Information Protocol (RIP), an older routing protocol that is installed in many of today's corporate networks. Like RIP, OSPF is designated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as one of several Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs).

more info --> http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/

• BGP (The Border Gateway Protocol)

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the core routing protocol of the Internet. It works by maintaining a table of IP networks or 'prefixes' which designate network reachability among autonomous systems (AS). It is described as a path vector protocol. BGP does not use traditional IGP metrics, but makes routing decisions based on path, network policies and/or rulesets.

more info --> http://www.answers.com/

• EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)

Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) is a protocol for exchanging routing information between two neighbor gateway hosts (each with its own router) in a network of autonomous systems. EGP is commonly used between hosts on the Internet to exchange routing table information. The routing table contains a list of known routers, the addresses they can reach, and a cost metric associated with the path to each router so that the best available route is chosen. Each router polls its neighbor at intervals between 120 to 480 seconds and the neighbor responds by sending its complete routing table. EGP-2 is the latest version of EGP.

Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most popular and is generally the best option for school networks. The quality of UTP may vary from telephone-grade wire to extremely high-speed cable. The cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted with a different number of twists per inch to help eliminate interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices. The tighter the twisting, the higher the supported transmission rate and the greater the cost per foot.

3. Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield. The metal shield helps to block any outside interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and other computers.

4. Fiber Optic cable

Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective materials. It transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating the problem of electrical interference. This makes it ideal for certain environments that contain a large amount of electrical interference. It has also made it the standard for connecting networks between buildings, due to its immunity to the effects of moisture and lighting.Fiber optic cable has the ability to transmit signals over much longer distances than coaxial and twisted pair. It also has the capability to carry information at vastly greater speeds. This capacity broadens communication possibilities to include services such as video conferencing and interactive services. The cost of fiber optic cabling is comparable to copper cabling; however, it is more difficult to install and modify. 10BaseF refers to the specifications for fiber optic cable carrying Ethernet signals.

5. Wireless LANs

Not all networks are connected with cabling; some networks are wireless. Wireless LANs use high frequency radio signals, infrared light beams, or lasers to communicate between the workstations and the file server or hubs. Each workstation and file server on a wireless network has some sort of transceiver/antenna to send and receive the data. Information is relayed between transceivers as if they were physically connected. For longer distance, wireless communications can also take place through cellular telephone technology, microwave transmission, or by satellite.

hari ni ktorg kena pasang cable ngan rj45...fuh...punyala susah nak buat...sampai sakit2 tangan....start dari kul 9 sampaila kul 1....tension jgkla...tp okla...class ktorg bkrjasama antara satu sama lain...and akhirnya dapat jgk bagi success n bole smbung kat network internet...alhamdulillah...thanks a lot to kak muni, kak fizah, kak ros and also all my dearest frendz atas pertolongan anda....cayang kt sume...


ni la dia Rj45....

~~ network security professional (batch 4) ~~

What You Need??

• CAT 5 Cable - bulk Category 5, 5e or 6 cable
• RJ45 Ends
• Crimper for RJ45
• Wire Cutters - to cut and strip the cable if necessary
• Wire Stripper
• Cable Tester

About the Cable:

You can find bulk supplies of the cable at many computer stores or most electrical or home centers. You want UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) Category 5 cable for basic 10/100 functionality. You need CAT 5e for gigabit (1000BaseT) operation and CAT 6 gives you a measure of future proofing. Bulk cable comes in many types, there are 2 basic categories, solid and braided cable. Braided cable tends to work better in "patch" applications for desktop use. It is more flexible and resiliant than solid cable and easier to work with, but really meant for shorter lengths. Solid cable is meant for longer runs in a fixed position. Plenum rated cable should/must be used whenever the cable travels through an air circulation space. For example, above a false celing or below a raised floor.

Here is what the internals of the cable look like:

Internal Cable Structure and Color Coding

Inside the cable, there are 8 color coded wires. These wires are twisted into 4 pairs of wires, each pair has a common color theme. One wire in the pair being a solid or primarily solid colored wire and the other being a primarily white wire with a colored stripe (Sometimes cable doesn't have any color on the striped cable, the only way to tell is to check which other wire it is twisted around). Examples of the naming schemes used are: Orange (alternatively Orange/White) for the solid colored wire and White/Orange for the striped cable. The twists are extremely important. They are there to counteract noise and interference. It is important to wire according to a standard to get proper performance from the cable. The TIA/EIA-568-A specifies two wiring standards for a 8-position modular connector such as RJ45. The two wiring standards, T568A and T568B vary only in the arrangement of the colored pairs. Tom writes to say "...sources suggest using T568A cabling since T568B is the AT&T standard, but the US Government specifies T568A since it matches USOC cabling for pairs 1 & 2, which allows it to work for 1/2 line phones...". Your choice might be determined by the need to match existing wiring, jacks or personal preference, but you should maintain consistancy. I've shown both below for straight through cabling and just T568B for cross over cabling.

About the RJ45 Ends:

The RJ45 end is a 8-position modular connector that looks like a large phone plug. There are a couple variations available. The primary variation you need to pay attention to is whether the connector is intended for braided or solid wire. For braided/stranded wires, the connector has contacts that actually pierce the wire. For solid wires, the connector has fingers which pierce the insulation and make contact with the wire by grasping it from both sides. The connector is the weak point in an ethernet cable, choosing the wrong one will often cause grief later. If you just walk into a computer store, it's nearly impossible to tell what type of connector it is.

Here is a diagram and pinout:

RJ45 Jack and Plug Pinout

Ethernet Cable Pinouts:

There are two basic cables. A straight through cable, which is used to connect to a hub or switch, and a cross over cable used to operate in a peer-to-peer fashion without a hub/switch. Some interfaces can cross and un-cross a cable automatically as needed, really quite nice.

Standard, Straight-Through Wiring (both ends are the same):

RJ45 Pin #	Wire Color (T568A)	Wire Diagram (T568A)	10Base-T Signal 100Base-TX Signal	1000Base-T Signal
1	White/Green		Transmit+	BI_DA+
2	Green		Transmit-	BI_DA-
3	White/Orange		Receive+	BI_DB+
4	Blue		Unused	BI_DC+
5	White/Blue		Unused	BI_DC-
6	Orange		Receive-	BI_DB-
7	White/Brown		Unused	BI_DD+
8	Brown		Unused	BI_DD-

RJ45 Pin #	Wire Color (T568B)	Wire Diagram (T568B)	10Base-T Signal 100Base-TX Signal	1000Base-T Signal
1	White/Orange		Transmit+	BI_DA+
2	Orange		Transmit-	BI_DA-
3	White/Green		Receive+	BI_DB+
4	Blue		Unused	BI_DC+
5	White/Blue		Unused	BI_DC-
6	Green		Receive-	BI_DB-
7	White/Brown		Unused	BI_DD+
8	Brown		Unused	BI_DD-

Cross Over Cable (T568B):

RJ45 Pin # (END 1)	Wire Color	Diagram End #1	RJ45 Pin # (END 2)	Wire Color	Diagram End #2
1	White/Orange		1	White/Green
2	Orange		2	Green
3	White/Green		3	White/Orange
4	Blue		4	White/Brown
5	White/Blue		5	Brown
6	Green		6	Orange
7	White/Brown		7	Blue
8	Brown		8	White/Blue

+Note: The cross over cable layout is suitable for 1000Base-T operation, all 4 pairs are crossed.

How to wire Ethernet Cables:

1. Strip off about 2 inches of the cable sheath.
2. Untwist the pairs - don't untwist them beyond what you have exposed, the more untwisted cable you have the worse the problems you can run into.
3. Align the colored wires according to the diagrams above.
4. Trim all the wires to the same length, about 1/2" to 3/4" left exposed from the sheath.
5. Insert the wires into the RJ45 end - make sure each wire is fully inserted to the front of the RJ45 end and in the correct order. The sheath of the cable should extend into the RJ45 end by about 1/2" and will be held in place by the crimp.
6. Crimp the RJ45 end with the crimper tool
7. Verify the wires ended up the right order and that the wires extend to the front of the RJ45 end and make good contact with the metal contacts in the RJ45 end.
8. Cut the cable to length - make sure it is more than long enough for your needs. Remember, an end to end connection should not extend more than 100m (~328ft). Try to keep cables short, the longer the cable becomes the more it may affect performance, usually noticable as a gradual decrease in speed and increase in latency.
9. Repeat the above steps for the second RJ45 end.
10. If a cable tester is available, use it to verify the proper connectivity of the cable.

That should be it, if your cable doesn't turn out, look closely at each end and see if you can find the problem. Usually a wire ended up in the wrong place or more commonly, one of the wires didn't extend to the front of the RJ45 connector and is making no, or poor contact. If you see a mistake or problem, cut the end off and start again.

What to do??

1. Set ip address
2. Set router
3. Buat routing rip (nak route ke mana??)

What we need to have ??

1. Cisco router
2. DCE cable
3. Console Cable
4. Straight Cable

~~~ Try dis address ~~~

http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/cpsc/cryptography/caesar.html


** notes

What is Router??

• Device to connect 2 different network segment.

• Also tentukan laluan untuk sampai ke destinasi( choose the best path)

=>Anologi: < router =" simpang"> < path =" jalan"> < host =" rumah">

How it's work??

• Router extract packet yang diterima kepada destinasinya (dimana router tersebut akan sebarkan kepada tuan punya packet)
• Akan pilih mana laluan terbaik bagi packet dan kemudian forward packet tersebut di sepanjang laluan yang telah dipilih.

Tugas-tugas Router??

• Control plane (routing)
• forward plane (forwadding)

~~~ routing --> router will learn which path is the best way

Important thing b4 configure router :

• Topology network design
• Configuration router (set ip & buat routing)

Router>enable
Router#config terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

*********** Setup Hostname *************
Router(config)#hostname LAB_A


*********** Start Setup Serial 0/0 Interface with DCE connection *************

LAB_A(config)#interface Serial 0/0
LAB_A(config-if)#ip addr 10.2.2.1 255.255.255.0
LAB_A(config-if)#clockrate 64000
LAB_A(config-if)#no shutdown
LAB_A(config-if)#
00:08:29: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
00:08:30: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
LAB_A(config-if)#exit
LAB_A(config)#exit
LAB_A#

*********** End Setup Serial 0/0 Interface with DCE connection *************


*********** Check Interface *************

LAB_A#show interfaces summary

*********** Start Setup Fast Ethernet l 0/0 Interface *************

LAB_A#config terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
LAB_A(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
LAB_A(config-if)#ip addr 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
LAB_A(config-if)#no shutdown
LAB_A(config-if)#
00:16:14: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
LAB_A(config-if)#exit
LAB_A(config)#exit
LAB_A#

*********** END Setup Fast Ethernet l 0/0 Interface *************


*********** Check Interface *************

LAB_A#show interfaces summary


**********************************************************************
Let setup FastEthernet0/1 at LAB_B router
**********************************************************************
LAB_B(config)#int fast 0/1
LAB_B(config-if)#ip addr 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
LAB_B(config-if)#no shutdown
LAB_B(config-if)#
00:29:54: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
00:29:56: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
LAB_B(config-if)#

*********** End Of setup FastEthernet0/1 At LAB_B router *************


LAB_A#sh int sum

*********** Start Setup routing protocol using RIP ****************

LAB_A(config)#router rip
LAB_A(config-router)#network 10.1.1.0
LAB_A(config-router)#network 10.2.2.1
LAB_A(config-router)#

*********** End Setup routing protocol using RIP ****************


*********** Start Register IP host lookup table ****************

LAB_A(config)#ip host LAB_A 10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1
LAB_A(config)#ip host LAB_B 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2

*********** End Register IP host lookup table ****************

Ari ni bincang ngan Kak Muni tntg citer Hackers yang ktorg tgok last wednesday. then ktorg pun dptlah task dimana ktorg kena cari pasal red book dan orange book.

lepas break ktorg tgok movie tajuk Hackers. Hmm, mmg best jugak la....dan yang pastinya memang ada sangkut paut ngan kursus aku ni...tgok hackers dalm citer tu mcm senang jer depa wat keja... haha..aku bole ka jd macam tu...??

to be continue....

hmmm...ari ni ktorg kena blajar jadi org jahat....en kamal suruh ktorg listkan sebanyak yg mungkin perkara2 JAHAT yg boleh kita wat kat pc org....lbih kurg cm tula...hehe...pastu baru baru en kamal explain mcm mana sume tu boleh kita wat....hmmm....macm mana ek....cth nyer kalo kita nak bg sst pc tu slow....mcm mana kita nak buat nak kasi pc dia slow...kat sini kita leh kaco kat dia punya memory, processor, hardisk, etc....kalo nak bagi slow kat hardisk tu...kita leh wat copy byk2 fail bg pc tu jadi slow....lbih kurg cmtula...susah nak explain...heheh...kena byk study lg nih....

to be continue~~~~

Selasa~08 Jan 2008

stat masuk klas cm biasa....hmm, ari ni kena stat wat website...tp kena lak p jmpa en. kamal pinjam installer dreamweaver....

my first entry...x da apa yg nak coret kat sini...